Biological source and family of phytoconstituents Part 2 #cognosy #pharmacognosy #bpharmacy #bpharm
Phenyl propanoids & flavonoids The phenyl propanoids are a diverse family of organic compounds that are synthesized by plants from the amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine. They are C6C3 compounds. Flavonoids are a class of polyphenolic secondary metabolites found in plants, and thus commonly consumed in diets. Chemically, flavonoids have the general structure of a 15-carbon skeleton, which consists of two phenyl rings and a heterocyclic ring. This carbon structure can be abbreviated C6-C3-C6. The plants or phytochemicals in this classification are lignans, tea and ruta. The principal lignan precursor found in flaxseed is secoisolariciresinol diglucoside. Other sources of lignans include cereals (rye, wheat, oat and barley - rye being the richest source), soybeans, cruciferous vegetables such as broccoli and cabbage, and some fruit, particularly strawberries. Lignans can be found in more than 60 families of vascular plants and have been isolated from different plant parts exudates and resins. The biological source of tea is prepared leaves and leaf buds of Camellia sinensis. It belongs to the theaceae family. Commonly it is known as tea plant or tea shrub. Ruta is obtained from the herb of ruta graveolens belonging to rutaceae family. Steroids, cardiac glycosides & triterpenoids. Steroids are a man-made version of chemicals, known as hormones, that are made naturally in the human body. Steroids are designed to act like these hormones to reduce inflammation. Cardiac glycosides are a class of organic compounds that increase the output force of the heart and decrease its rate of contractions by acting on the cellular sodium-potassium ATPase pump. Triterpenes are a class of chemical compounds composed of three terpene units with the molecular formula C₃₀H₄₈; they may also be thought of as consisting of six isoprene units. Animals, plants and fungi all produce triterpenes, including squalene, the precursor to all steroids. Liquorice is an extract from the Glycyrrhiza glabra plant which contains glycyrrhizic acid, belonging to the family fabaceae. Glycyrrhizic acid is made of one molecule of glycyrrhetinic acid and two molecules of glucuronic acid. The extracts from the root of the plant can also be referred to as liquorice, sweet root, and glycyrrhiza extract. Licorice root is promoted as a dietary supplement for conditions such as digestive problems, menopausal symptoms, cough, and bacterial and viral infections. Licorice gargles or lozenges have been used to try to prevent or reduce the sore throat that sometimes occurs after surgery. The biological source of digitalis is its dried leaves of digitalis purpurea and digitalis lanata. It belongs to the scrophulariaceae family. It is also known as foxglove leaves, digitalis leaves. It is used to treat several heart conditions, including congestive heart failure. Digitoxin is made from the dried leaves of Digitalis purpurea while digoxin is obtained from the dried leaves of digitalis lanata. It is a type of cardiac glycoside. Digoxin is 10 times more active than digitoxin. The biological source of Dioscorea is Dioscorea composita, or barbasco, which is a species of yam in the genus Dioscorea, it belongs to the family Dioscoreaceae. It is native to Mexico. It is notable for its role in the production of diosgenin, which is a precursor for the synthesis of hormones such as progesterone. Volatile oils The plants or phytochemicals in this classification are Mentha, clove, cinnamon, fennel and coriandor. Mentha is obtained by steam distillation of the fresh flowering tops of the Mentha piperita plant, belonging to family Labiatae. Cloves are the aromatic flower buds of Eugenia caryophyllus belonging to the family Myrtaceae. Cinnamon is obtained from the dried inner bark of the shoots of trees of Cinnamomum zeylanicum belonging to the family Lauraceae Fennel is obtained from the dried ripe fruit of Foeniculum vulgare, belonging to the family umbelliferae Coriander is obtained from the dried ripe fruits of Coriandrum sativum, belonging to family Umbelliferae. Iridoids, other terpenoids and naphthaquinones. The Biological Source of Gentian is the dried rhizomes and roots of Gentiana lutea, belonging to family Gentianaceae. Artemisia is obtained from the leaves and flowering tops plant artemisia annua, belonging to family asteraceae The biological source of taxus is Taxus brevifolia, Taxus canadensis, belonging to the family taxusaceaea. © All copyright reserved Follow us on Instagram (@thepharmacytalks) https://instagram.com/thepharmacytalks?igshid=13uvctdby3iix
Phenyl propanoids & flavonoids The phenyl propanoids are a diverse family of organic compounds that are synthesized by plants from the amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine. They are C6C3 compounds. Flavonoids are a class of polyphenolic secondary metabolites found in plants, and thus commonly consumed in diets. Chemically, flavonoids have the general structure of a 15-carbon skeleton, which consists of two phenyl rings and a heterocyclic ring. This carbon structure can be abbreviated C6-C3-C6. The plants or phytochemicals in this classification are lignans, tea and ruta. The principal lignan precursor found in flaxseed is secoisolariciresinol diglucoside. Other sources of lignans include cereals (rye, wheat, oat and barley - rye being the richest source), soybeans, cruciferous vegetables such as broccoli and cabbage, and some fruit, particularly strawberries. Lignans can be found in more than 60 families of vascular plants and have been isolated from different plant parts exudates and resins. The biological source of tea is prepared leaves and leaf buds of Camellia sinensis. It belongs to the theaceae family. Commonly it is known as tea plant or tea shrub. Ruta is obtained from the herb of ruta graveolens belonging to rutaceae family. Steroids, cardiac glycosides & triterpenoids. Steroids are a man-made version of chemicals, known as hormones, that are made naturally in the human body. Steroids are designed to act like these hormones to reduce inflammation. Cardiac glycosides are a class of organic compounds that increase the output force of the heart and decrease its rate of contractions by acting on the cellular sodium-potassium ATPase pump. Triterpenes are a class of chemical compounds composed of three terpene units with the molecular formula C₃₀H₄₈; they may also be thought of as consisting of six isoprene units. Animals, plants and fungi all produce triterpenes, including squalene, the precursor to all steroids. Liquorice is an extract from the Glycyrrhiza glabra plant which contains glycyrrhizic acid, belonging to the family fabaceae. Glycyrrhizic acid is made of one molecule of glycyrrhetinic acid and two molecules of glucuronic acid. The extracts from the root of the plant can also be referred to as liquorice, sweet root, and glycyrrhiza extract. Licorice root is promoted as a dietary supplement for conditions such as digestive problems, menopausal symptoms, cough, and bacterial and viral infections. Licorice gargles or lozenges have been used to try to prevent or reduce the sore throat that sometimes occurs after surgery. The biological source of digitalis is its dried leaves of digitalis purpurea and digitalis lanata. It belongs to the scrophulariaceae family. It is also known as foxglove leaves, digitalis leaves. It is used to treat several heart conditions, including congestive heart failure. Digitoxin is made from the dried leaves of Digitalis purpurea while digoxin is obtained from the dried leaves of digitalis lanata. It is a type of cardiac glycoside. Digoxin is 10 times more active than digitoxin. The biological source of Dioscorea is Dioscorea composita, or barbasco, which is a species of yam in the genus Dioscorea, it belongs to the family Dioscoreaceae. It is native to Mexico. It is notable for its role in the production of diosgenin, which is a precursor for the synthesis of hormones such as progesterone. Volatile oils The plants or phytochemicals in this classification are Mentha, clove, cinnamon, fennel and coriandor. Mentha is obtained by steam distillation of the fresh flowering tops of the Mentha piperita plant, belonging to family Labiatae. Cloves are the aromatic flower buds of Eugenia caryophyllus belonging to the family Myrtaceae. Cinnamon is obtained from the dried inner bark of the shoots of trees of Cinnamomum zeylanicum belonging to the family Lauraceae Fennel is obtained from the dried ripe fruit of Foeniculum vulgare, belonging to the family umbelliferae Coriander is obtained from the dried ripe fruits of Coriandrum sativum, belonging to family Umbelliferae. Iridoids, other terpenoids and naphthaquinones. The Biological Source of Gentian is the dried rhizomes and roots of Gentiana lutea, belonging to family Gentianaceae. Artemisia is obtained from the leaves and flowering tops plant artemisia annua, belonging to family asteraceae The biological source of taxus is Taxus brevifolia, Taxus canadensis, belonging to the family taxusaceaea. © All copyright reserved Follow us on Instagram (@thepharmacytalks) https://instagram.com/thepharmacytalks?igshid=13uvctdby3iix